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簡(jiǎn)談分析8種常被忽視的SQL錯(cuò)誤用法

SQL語(yǔ)句的執(zhí)行順序：

FROM
<left_table>

ON
<join_condition>

<join_type>
 JOIN
<right_table>

WHERE
<where_condition>

GROUP BY
<group_by_list>

HAVING
<having_condition>

SELECT

DISTINCT
<select_list>

ORDER BY
<order_by_condition>

LIMIT
<limit_number>
1、LIMIT 語(yǔ)句

分頁(yè)查詢(xún)是最常用的場(chǎng)景之一，但也通常也是最容易出問(wèn)題的地方。比如對(duì)于下面簡(jiǎn)單的語(yǔ)句，一般 DBA 想到的辦法是在 type, name, create_time 字段上加組合索引。這樣條件排序都能有效的利用到索引，性能迅速提升。

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SELECT *
FROM   operation
WHERE  type = 'SQLStats'
       AND name = 'SlowLog'
ORDER  BY create_time
LIMIT  1000, 10;

好吧，可能90%以上的 DBA 解決該問(wèn)題就到此為止。但當(dāng) LIMIT 子句變成 “LIMIT 1000000,10” 時(shí)，程序員仍然會(huì)抱怨：我只取10條記錄為什么還是慢？

要知道數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)也并不知道第1000000條記錄從什么地方開(kāi)始，即使有索引也需要從頭計(jì)算一次。出現(xiàn)這種性能問(wèn)題，多數(shù)情形下是程序員偷懶了。

在前端數(shù)據(jù)瀏覽翻頁(yè)，或者大數(shù)據(jù)分批導(dǎo)出等場(chǎng)景下，是可以將上一頁(yè)的最大值當(dāng)成參數(shù)作為查詢(xún)條件的。SQL 重新設(shè)計(jì)如下：

SELECT   *
FROM     operation
WHERE    type = 'SQLStats'
AND      name = 'SlowLog'
AND      create_time > '2017-03-16 14:00:00'
ORDER BY create_time limit 10;

在新設(shè)計(jì)下查詢(xún)時(shí)間基本固定，不會(huì)隨著數(shù)據(jù)量的增長(zhǎng)而發(fā)生變化。

2、隱式轉(zhuǎn)換

SQL語(yǔ)句中查詢(xún)變量和字段定義類(lèi)型不匹配是另一個(gè)常見(jiàn)的錯(cuò)誤。比如下面的語(yǔ)句：

MySQL> explain extended SELECT *
     > FROM   my_balance b
     > WHERE  b.bpn = 14000000123
     >       AND b.isverified IS NULL ;
mysql> show warnings;
| Warning | 1739 | Cannot use ref access on index 'bpn' due to type or collation conversion on field 'bpn'

其中字段 bpn 的定義為 varchar(20)，MySQL 的策略是將字符串轉(zhuǎn)換為數(shù)字之后再比較。函數(shù)作用于表字段，索引失效。

上述情況可能是應(yīng)用程序框架自動(dòng)填入的參數(shù)，而不是程序員的原意。現(xiàn)在應(yīng)用框架很多很繁雜，使用方便的同時(shí)也小心它可能給自己挖坑。

3、關(guān)聯(lián)更新、刪除

雖然 MySQL5.6 引入了物化特性，但需要特別注意它目前僅僅針對(duì)查詢(xún)語(yǔ)句的優(yōu)化。對(duì)于更新或刪除需要手工重寫(xiě)成 JOIN。

比如下面 UPDATE 語(yǔ)句，MySQL 實(shí)際執(zhí)行的是循環(huán)/嵌套子查詢(xún)（DEPENDENT SUBQUERY)，其執(zhí)行時(shí)間可想而知。

UPDATE operation o
SET    status = 'applying'
WHERE  o.id IN (SELECT id
                FROM   (SELECT o.id,
                               o.status
                        FROM   operation o
                        WHERE  o.group = 123
                               AND o.status NOT IN ( 'done' )
                        ORDER  BY o.parent,
                                  o.id
                        LIMIT  1) t);

執(zhí)行計(jì)劃：

+----+--------------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| id | select_type        | table | type  | possible_keys | key     | key_len | ref   | rows | Extra                                               |
+----+--------------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| 1  | PRIMARY            | o     | index |               | PRIMARY | 8       |       | 24   | Using where; Using temporary                        |
| 2  | DEPENDENT SUBQUERY |       |       |               |         |         |       |      | Impossible WHERE noticed after reading const tables |
| 3  | DERIVED            | o     | ref   | idx_2,idx_5   | idx_5   | 8       | const | 1    | Using where; Using filesort                         |
+----+--------------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-----------------------------------------------------+

重寫(xiě)為 JOIN 之后，子查詢(xún)的選擇模式從 DEPENDENT SUBQUERY 變成 DERIVED，執(zhí)行速度大大加快，從7秒降低到2毫秒。

UPDATE operation o
       JOIN  (SELECT o.id,
                            o.status
                     FROM   operation o
                     WHERE  o.group = 123
                            AND o.status NOT IN ( 'done' )
                     ORDER  BY o.parent,
                               o.id
                     LIMIT  1) t
         ON o.id = t.id
SET    status = 'applying'

執(zhí)行計(jì)劃簡(jiǎn)化為：

+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key   | key_len | ref   | rows | Extra                                               |
+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| 1  | PRIMARY     |       |      |               |       |         |       |      | Impossible WHERE noticed after reading const tables |
| 2  | DERIVED     | o     | ref  | idx_2,idx_5   | idx_5 | 8       | const | 1    | Using where; Using filesort                         |
+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+-----------------------------------------------------+
4、混合排序

MySQL 不能利用索引進(jìn)行混合排序。但在某些場(chǎng)景，還是有機(jī)會(huì)使用特殊方法提升性能的。

SELECT *
FROM   my_order o
       INNER JOIN my_appraise a ON a.orderid = o.id
ORDER  BY a.is_reply ASC,
          a.appraise_time DESC
LIMIT  0, 20

執(zhí)行計(jì)劃顯示為全表掃描：

+----+-------------+-------+--------+-------------+---------+---------+---------------+---------+-+
| id | select_type | table | type   | possible_keys     | key     | key_len | ref      | rows    | Extra
+----+-------------+-------+--------+-------------+---------+---------+---------------+---------+-+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | a     | ALL    | idx_orderid | NULL    | NULL    | NULL    | 1967647 | Using filesort |
|  1 | SIMPLE      | o     | eq_ref | PRIMARY     | PRIMARY | 122     | a.orderid |       1 | NULL           |
+----+-------------+-------+--------+---------+---------+---------+-----------------+---------+-+

由于 is_reply 只有0和1兩種狀態(tài)，我們按照下面的方法重寫(xiě)后，執(zhí)行時(shí)間從1.58秒降低到2毫秒。

SELECT *
FROM   ((SELECT *
         FROM   my_order o
                INNER JOIN my_appraise a
                        ON a.orderid = o.id
                           AND is_reply = 0
         ORDER  BY appraise_time DESC
         LIMIT  0, 20)
        UNION ALL
        (SELECT *
         FROM   my_order o
                INNER JOIN my_appraise a
                        ON a.orderid = o.id
                           AND is_reply = 1
         ORDER  BY appraise_time DESC
         LIMIT  0, 20)) t
ORDER  BY  is_reply ASC,
          appraisetime DESC
LIMIT  20;
5、EXISTS語(yǔ)句

MySQL 對(duì)待 EXISTS 子句時(shí)，仍然采用嵌套子查詢(xún)的執(zhí)行方式。如下面的 SQL 語(yǔ)句：

SELECT *
FROM   my_neighbor n
       LEFT JOIN my_neighbor_apply sra
              ON n.id = sra.neighbor_id
                 AND sra.user_id = 'xxx'
WHERE  n.topic_status < 4
       AND EXISTS(SELECT 1
                  FROM   message_info m
                  WHERE  n.id = m.neighbor_id
                         AND m.inuser = 'xxx')
       AND n.topic_type <> 5

執(zhí)行計(jì)劃為：

+----+--------------------+-------+------+-----+------------------------------------------+---------+-------+---------+ -----+
| id | select_type        | table | type | possible_keys     | key   | key_len | ref   | rows    | Extra   |
+----+--------------------+-------+------+ -----+------------------------------------------+---------+-------+---------+ -----+
|  1 | PRIMARY            | n     | ALL  |  | NULL     | NULL    | NULL  | 1086041 | Using where                   |
|  1 | PRIMARY            | sra   | ref  |  | idx_user_id | 123     | const |       1 | Using where          |
|  2 | DEPENDENT SUBQUERY | m     | ref  |  | idx_message_info   | 122     | const |       1 | Using index condition; Using where |
+----+--------------------+-------+------+ -----+------------------------------------------+---------+-------+---------+ -----+

去掉 exists 更改為 join，能夠避免嵌套子查詢(xún)，將執(zhí)行時(shí)間從1.93秒降低為1毫秒。

SELECT *
FROM   my_neighbor n
       INNER JOIN message_info m
               ON n.id = m.neighbor_id
                  AND m.inuser = 'xxx'
       LEFT JOIN my_neighbor_apply sra
              ON n.id = sra.neighbor_id
                 AND sra.user_id = 'xxx'
WHERE  n.topic_status < 4
       AND n.topic_type <> 5

新的執(zhí)行計(jì)劃：

+----+-------------+-------+--------+ -----+------------------------------------------+---------+ -----+------+ -----+
| id | select_type | table | type   | possible_keys     | key       | key_len | ref   | rows | Extra                 |
+----+-------------+-------+--------+ -----+------------------------------------------+---------+ -----+------+ -----+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | m     | ref    | | idx_message_info   | 122     | const    |    1 | Using index condition |
|  1 | SIMPLE      | n     | eq_ref | | PRIMARY   | 122     | ighbor_id |    1 | Using where      |
|  1 | SIMPLE      | sra   | ref    | | idx_user_id | 123     | const     |    1 | Using where           |
+----+-------------+-------+--------+ -----+------------------------------------------+---------+ -----+------+ -----+
6、條件下推

外部查詢(xún)條件不能夠下推到復(fù)雜的視圖或子查詢(xún)的情況有：

  1. 聚合子查詢(xún)；
  2. 含有 LIMIT 的子查詢(xún)；
  3. UNION 或 UNION ALL 子查詢(xún)；
  4. 輸出字段中的子查詢(xún)；

如下面的語(yǔ)句，從執(zhí)行計(jì)劃可以看出其條件作用于聚合子查詢(xún)之后：

SELECT *
FROM   (SELECT target,
               Count(*)
        FROM   operation
        GROUP  BY target) t
WHERE  target = 'rm-xxxx'
+----+-------------+------------+-------+---------------+-------------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table      | type  | possible_keys | key         | key_len | ref   | rows | Extra       |
+----+-------------+------------+-------+---------------+-------------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
|  1 | PRIMARY     | <derived2> | ref   | <auto_key0>   | <auto_key0> | 514     | const |    2 | Using where |
|  2 | DERIVED     | operation  | index | idx_4         | idx_4       | 519     | NULL  |   20 | Using index |
+----+-------------+------------+-------+---------------+-------------+---------+-------+------+-------------+

確定從語(yǔ)義上查詢(xún)條件可以直接下推后，重寫(xiě)如下：

SELECT target,
       Count(*)
FROM   operation
WHERE  target = 'rm-xxxx'
GROUP  BY target

執(zhí)行計(jì)劃變?yōu)椋?/p>

+----+-------------+-----------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+--------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+-----------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+--------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | operation | ref | idx_4 | idx_4 | 514 | const | 1 | Using where; Using index |
+----+-------------+-----------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+--------------------+

關(guān)于 MySQL 外部條件不能下推的詳細(xì)解釋說(shuō)明請(qǐng)參考以前文章：MySQL · 性能優(yōu)化 · 條件下推到物化表 http://mysql.taobao.org/monthly/2016/07/08

7、提前縮小范圍

先上初始 SQL 語(yǔ)句：

SELECT *
FROM   my_order o
       LEFT JOIN my_userinfo u
              ON o.uid = u.uid
       LEFT JOIN my_productinfo p
              ON o.pid = p.pid
WHERE  ( o.display = 0 )
       AND ( o.ostaus = 1 )
ORDER  BY o.selltime DESC
LIMIT  0, 15

該SQL語(yǔ)句原意是：先做一系列的左連接，然后排序取前15條記錄。從執(zhí)行計(jì)劃也可以看出，最后一步估算排序記錄數(shù)為90萬(wàn)，時(shí)間消耗為12秒。

+----+-------------+-------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-----------------+--------+----------------------------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type   | possible_keys | key     | key_len | ref             | rows   | Extra                                              |
+----+-------------+-------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-----------------+--------+----------------------------------------------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | o     | ALL    | NULL          | NULL    | NULL    | NULL            | 909119 | Using where; Using temporary; Using filesort       |
|  1 | SIMPLE      | u     | eq_ref | PRIMARY       | PRIMARY | 4       | o.uid |      1 | NULL                                               |
|  1 | SIMPLE      | p     | ALL    | PRIMARY       | NULL    | NULL    | NULL            |      6 | Using where; Using join buffer (Block Nested Loop) |
+----+-------------+-------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-----------------+--------+----------------------------------------------------+

由于最后 WHERE 條件以及排序均針對(duì)最左主表，因此可以先對(duì) my_order 排序提前縮小數(shù)據(jù)量再做左連接。SQL 重寫(xiě)后如下，執(zhí)行時(shí)間縮小為1毫秒左右。

SELECT *
FROM (
SELECT *
FROM   my_order o
WHERE  ( o.display = 0 )
       AND ( o.ostaus = 1 )
ORDER  BY o.selltime DESC
LIMIT  0, 15
) o
     LEFT JOIN my_userinfo u
              ON o.uid = u.uid
     LEFT JOIN my_productinfo p
              ON o.pid = p.pid
ORDER BY  o.selltime DESC
limit 0, 15

再檢查執(zhí)行計(jì)劃：子查詢(xún)物化后（select_type=DERIVED)參與 JOIN。雖然估算行掃描仍然為90萬(wàn)，但是利用了索引以及 LIMIT 子句后，實(shí)際執(zhí)行時(shí)間變得很小。

+----+-------------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+--------+----------------------------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table      | type   | possible_keys | key     | key_len | ref   | rows   | Extra                                              |
+----+-------------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+--------+----------------------------------------------------+
|  1 | PRIMARY     | <derived2> | ALL    | NULL          | NULL    | NULL    | NULL  |     15 | Using temporary; Using filesort                    |
|  1 | PRIMARY     | u          | eq_ref | PRIMARY       | PRIMARY | 4       | o.uid |      1 | NULL                                               |
|  1 | PRIMARY     | p          | ALL    | PRIMARY       | NULL    | NULL    | NULL  |      6 | Using where; Using join buffer (Block Nested Loop) |
|  2 | DERIVED     | o          | index  | NULL          | idx_1   | 5       | NULL  | 909112 | Using where                                        |
+----+-------------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+--------+----------------------------------------------------+
8、中間結(jié)果集下推

再來(lái)看下面這個(gè)已經(jīng)初步優(yōu)化過(guò)的例子(左連接中的主表優(yōu)先作用查詢(xún)條件)：

SELECT    a.*,
          c.allocated
FROM      (
              SELECT   resourceid
              FROM     my_distribute d
                   WHERE    isdelete = 0
                   AND      cusmanagercode = '1234567'
                   ORDER BY salecode limit 20) a
LEFT JOIN
          (
              SELECT   resourcesid， sum(ifnull(allocation, 0) * 12345) allocated
              FROM     my_resources
                   GROUP BY resourcesid) c
ON        a.resourceid = c.resourcesid

那么該語(yǔ)句還存在其它問(wèn)題嗎？不難看出子查詢(xún) c 是全表聚合查詢(xún)，在表數(shù)量特別大的情況下會(huì)導(dǎo)致整個(gè)語(yǔ)句的性能下降。

其實(shí)對(duì)于子查詢(xún) c，左連接最后結(jié)果集只關(guān)心能和主表 resourceid 能匹配的數(shù)據(jù)。因此我們可以重寫(xiě)語(yǔ)句如下，執(zhí)行時(shí)間從原來(lái)的2秒下降到2毫秒。

SELECT    a.*,
          c.allocated
FROM      (
                   SELECT   resourceid
                   FROM     my_distribute d
                   WHERE    isdelete = 0
                   AND      cusmanagercode = '1234567'
                   ORDER BY salecode limit 20) a
LEFT JOIN
          (
                   SELECT   resourcesid， sum(ifnull(allocation, 0) * 12345) allocated
                   FROM     my_resources r,
                            (
                                     SELECT   resourceid
                                     FROM     my_distribute d
                                     WHERE    isdelete = 0
                                     AND      cusmanagercode = '1234567'
                                     ORDER BY salecode limit 20) a
                   WHERE    r.resourcesid = a.resourcesid
                   GROUP BY resourcesid) c
ON        a.resourceid = c.resourcesid

但是子查詢(xún) a 在我們的SQL語(yǔ)句中出現(xiàn)了多次。這種寫(xiě)法不僅存在額外的開(kāi)銷(xiāo)，還使得整個(gè)語(yǔ)句顯的繁雜。使用 WITH 語(yǔ)句再次重寫(xiě)：

WITH a AS
(
         SELECT   resourceid
         FROM     my_distribute d
         WHERE    isdelete = 0
         AND      cusmanagercode = '1234567'
         ORDER BY salecode limit 20)
SELECT    a.*,
          c.allocated
FROM      a
LEFT JOIN
          (
                   SELECT   resourcesid， sum(ifnull(allocation, 0) * 12345) allocated
                   FROM     my_resources r,
                            a
                   WHERE    r.resourcesid = a.resourcesid
                   GROUP BY resourcesid) c
ON        a.resourceid = c.resourcesid

總結(jié)

數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)編譯器產(chǎn)生執(zhí)行計(jì)劃，決定著SQL的實(shí)際執(zhí)行方式。但是編譯器只是盡力服務(wù)，所有數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的編譯器都不是盡善盡美的。

上述提到的多數(shù)場(chǎng)景，在其它數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中也存在性能問(wèn)題。了解數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)編譯器的特性，才能避規(guī)其短處，寫(xiě)出高性能的SQL語(yǔ)句。

程序員在設(shè)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)模型以及編寫(xiě)SQL語(yǔ)句時(shí)，要把算法的思想或意識(shí)帶進(jìn)來(lái)。

編寫(xiě)復(fù)雜SQL語(yǔ)句要養(yǎng)成使用 WITH 語(yǔ)句的習(xí)慣。簡(jiǎn)潔且思路清晰的SQL語(yǔ)句也能減小數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的負(fù)擔(dān) 。

分享名稱(chēng)：簡(jiǎn)談分析8種常被忽視的SQL錯(cuò)誤用法
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